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"Abae was the site of an important oracle of APOLLO. Located in PHOCIS (BA 55 D3), the sanctuary is described by Herodotus as rich, and well-stocked with TREASURIES and votive offerings. The Phocians dedicated 2,000 shields at Abae after defeating the THESSALIANS in the famous night-time battle, when they covered themselves in chalk and terrified their opponents (8.27). In the ARCHAIC AGE the sanctuary rivaled DELPHI. The Phocians dedicated statue groups both at Abae and Delphi to commemorate their victory over the Thessalians, and the oracle at Abae was one of the six Greek ORACLES tested by CROESUS (1.46.2). Excavations by the German Archaeological Institute at Kalapodi have brought to light a sanctuary continuously used for cult purposes as far back as the Middle Helladic period (c. 2100-1600 B.C.E.). The excavator, Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier (2010), has proposed that the sanctuary at Kalapodi should be identified as Herodotus' Abae. The identification is supported by the extraordinary number of WEAPONS found in the excavations, including over 2,000 shields (Felsch 2007). The sanctuary was destroyed by the Persians as they advanced through central Greece in 480 B.C.E. (8.33)"--

History, Ancient --- Herodotus

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Winner of the 2020 PROSE Award for Multivolume Reference/HumanitiesThe world of work saw marked developments over the course of antiquity. These were driven by social and economic changes, especially growth in market trade and related phenomena like urbanization and specialization. Although the self-sufficient agrarian household continued to prevail, economic realities everywhere intervened. Corresponding changes include the emergence of archaeologically distinct workplaces and even, in certain times and places, preindustrial factories. A diversity of workplace cultures often defied dominant gender and other social norms. Across an increasingly connected Mediterranean world, work contributed to and was in turn structured by mobility. Other striking developments included the emergence of state-sponsored leisure activities that offered respite from toil for all social classes. Through an exploration of these and other themes, this volume offers a reappraisal of ancient work and its relationship to Greek and Roman culture.A Cultural History of Work in Antiquity presents an overview of the period with essays on economies, representations of work, workplaces, work cultures, technology, mobility, society, politics and leisure.

History, ancient --- Social history --- History

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Vierunddreißig Studien sind dem Altorientalisten Stefano de Martino gewidmet. Entsprechend seinem Forschungsgebiet bilden Studien zu den Bereichen Alt-Anatolien und Nord-Syrien sowie zu hethitischen und akkadischen Texten einen Schwerpunkt der Festschrift. Neue Texte und neue archäologische Funde werden ebenso vorgestellt wie neue Aspekte bekannter Werke und Ausgrabungsstätten der Region. In den Fokus gerückt werden auch übergreifende Fragen zur Geschichte und Geographie des nordwestlichen Alten Orients.

Excavations (Archaeology) --- History, Ancient --- Assyria --- Antiquities

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Winner of the 1990 American Book Award What is classical about Classical civilization? In one of the most audacious works of scholarship ever written, Martin Bernal challenges the foundation of our thinking about this question. Classical civilization, he argues, has deep roots in Afroasiatic cultures. But these Afroasiatic influences have been systematically ignored, denied or suppressed since the eighteenth century--chiefly for racist reasons. The popular view is that Greek civilization was the result of the conquest of a sophisticated but weak native population by vigorous Indo-European speakers--Aryans--from the North. But the Classical Greeks, Bernal argues, knew nothing of this "Aryan model." They did not see their institutions as original, but as derived from the East and from Egypt in particular. In an unprecedented tour de force, Bernal links a wide range of areas and disciplines--drama, poetry, myth, theological controversy, esoteric religion, philosophy, biography, language, historical narrative, and the emergence of "modern scholarship."

History, Ancient --- Egypt --- Historiography --- Comparative Literature --- Blacks --- History --- Social Science --- History, ancient --- Comparative literature --- Social science

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Considering Greek statue inscriptions from the archaic and early classical periods, this book emphasizes inscription practices without losing sight of issues of semantics. The analysis focuses on the layout and graphical or ornamental features of the inscriptions. With this approach, for the first time questions of aesthetics and materiality, which were previously examined only for the statues themselves, are also brought to their inscriptions. Das Buch nimmt griechische Statueninschriften der Archaik und Frühklassik in den Blick und legt den Fokus auf die Beschriftungspraxis, ohne Fragen der Semantik zu vernachlässigen. Im Zentrum stehen dabei etwa das Layout und die graphisch-ornamentale Qualität von Schrift. Mit diesem Zugang werden erstmals Fragen der Ästhetik und Materialität, welche bisher nur für die Statuen selbst untersucht wurden, auch an ihre Inschriften herangetragen.

Inschrift. --- Materiality. --- Materialität. --- Schriftkultur. --- inscription. --- writing culture. --- HISTORY / Ancient / General.